Tài Liệu Tham Khảo: Trong thế kỷ 20, Nhà Nước Chính Phủ đã tàn sát hơn 260 triệu nhân mạng!!!

20TH CENTURY
DEMOCIDE

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IMPORTANT NOTE: Among all the democide estimates appearing on this website, and in the table on the lower right, some have been revised upward. I have changed that for Mao's famine, 1958-1962, from zero to 38,000,000. And thus I have had to change the overall democide for the PRC (1928-1987) from 38,702,000 to 76,702,000. Details here. I have changed my estimate for colonial democide from 870,000 to an additional 50,000,000. Details here.
Thus, the new world total: old total 1900-1999 = 174,000,000. New World total = 174,000,000 + 38,000,000 (new for China) + 50,000,000 (new for Colonies) = 262,000,000.
Just to give perspective on this incredible murder by government, if all these bodies were laid head to toe, with the average height being 5', then they would circle the earth ten times. Also, this democide murdered 6 times more people than died in combat in all the foreign and internal wars of the century. Finally, given popular estimates of the dead in a major nuclear war, this total democide is as though such a war did occur, but with its dead spread over a century.

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CONTENTS

• Books on Democide
  • Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocides and Mass Murders 1917-1987, Rutgers, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1990: Preface, References, and all tables of estimates, calculations and sources for each historical period.
  • China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Rutgers, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1991: Preface, Chapter 1, Methods Appendix, References, and all tables of estimates, calculations and sources for each historical period.
  • Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder. Rutgers, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1992: Preface, Chapter 1, References, and the summary overall table of estimates, calculations and sources.
  • Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder in the Twentieth Century, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1994: Preface; Chapters 1, 2, and 3; References; and the summary table for each megamurderer.
  • Statistics of Democide. Center on National Security and Law, University of Virginia, 1997: entire. Republished by Lit Verlag, MŸster, Germany in 1998 and distributed in North America by Transaction Publishers.

• Definitions
  • The new concept of democide: Definition and qualifications [1]
  • Article: What is Genocide?
  • Democide versus genocide: which is what?

• Chapter: 1900-1987: 169,198,000 murdered [1]
  • Article: pilot study: war isn't this century's biggest killer
  • References: overall sources of estimates/quotes/information [5]
  • Table: summary by regime [5]
  • Figure: democide year-by-year and war and rebellion-dead [5]

• What governments murdered how many?
  • Table: summary of megamurderers--regimes that murdered 1,000,000 people or more [1]
  • Chapter: the centi-kilo murderers--regimes that murdered 100,000 to 999,999 people or more [5]
    • Tables: estimates, calculations, and sources, by states and by quasi-states [5]
  • Chapter: the lesser murderers--regimes that murdered less than 100,000 people [5]
    • Tables: estimates, calculations, and sources [5]
  • Chapter: American bombing and other democide [5]
    • Table: estimates, calculations, and sources [5]
  • Paper: how many did communism murder?
  • Chapter section: Khmer Rouge Cambodian democide [15]
  • Chapter section: Rwandan genocide [15]

• Chapter: democide in totalitarian states: mortacracies and megamurderers--an annotated bibliography
  
  
• Chapter: the Holocaust in comparative perspective

• Paper: democide since World War II

• Chapter: the social field of democide [5]
  • Tables: descriptive statistics among types of democide; their intercorrelations, and factors [5]