KIẾN THỨC TRUYỀN MIỆNG và KIẾN THỨC CHÍNH QUI NHÀ NƯỚC và TÔN GIÁO

Giống như tất cả mọi thứ "kiến thức" bị đại chúng hóa qua ngõ nghách truyền miệng và tuyên truyền rò rỉ từ các nguồn chính qui gián tiếp, giai thoại về việc phát minh Hệ THống Liên Tín (iNTERNET) cũng bị tập đoàn nhà nước và các nhóm phù thủy hư cấu và tung tin. Trừ những ai có óc phê phán và truy cứu tìm hiểu, tất cả mọi người trên thế giới đều TIN RẰNG QUÂN ĐỘI MỸ PHÁT MINH RA  HỆ THỐNG LIÊN TÍN (INTERNET) cũng như Nhà nước chính phủ "làm ra đường phố" và nhà máy vậy!

Thật sự Nhà Nước Chính phủ hay "quân đội" chẳng hề phát minh ra bất cứ cái gì trừ phương cách CAI TRỊ ĐÀN ÁP và  THỦ ĐOẠN GIẾT NGƯỜI, và đẻ ra"LUẬT LỆ để RÀNG BUỘC, NGĂN CHẶN và GIỚI HẠN sức PHÁT MINH SÁNG TẠO của NGƯỜI DÂN.  Hay nói cách khác là Nhà nước Quân đội ăn cướp phát minh của DÂN SỰ TƯ HỮU và biến tất cả thành VŨ KHÍ HÀNH HẠ và GIẾT NGƯỜI.. chỉ vì Nhà Nước có bạo lực, độc quyền bạco lực nên bất cứ phát mình nào tốt đẹp cho dân sinh quần chúng cũng đều bị quân sự hóa thành vũ khí mà thôi. Từ phương tiện chuyên chở buôn bán dân sự biến thành xe tăng, máy bay biến thành chiến đấu cơ, thương thuyền biến thành chiến hạm, phương tiện săn bắn biến thành vũ khí, phát minh và khám phá y học, hóa chất phục vụ đời sống nhân sinh biến thành vũ khí hóa vi quang , âm nhạc phục vụ nghệ thuật biến thành văn công tuyên truyền chém giết ca tụng quyền lực lãnh tụ... và Mạng liên tín được các cá nhân tư hữu phát mình để phục vụ nhu cầu sinh hoạt con người xã hội bị cướp công thành phương tiện rình mò bí mật và theo dõi gián điệp. Ngay cả NGUYÊN TỬ NĂNG là công sức KHÁM PHÁ và PHÁT MINH của các nhóm khoa học gia dân sự, và bọn quân đội chính phủ cướp đi đem vào "bí mật quốc gia" để biến những thành quả khám phá và phát minh này thành BOM NGUYÊN TỬ. Nicolas Telsla khám phá  ra điện hai chiều AC và phát minh ra nhiều máy móc quang điện phục vụ nhân sinh, nhưng bọn nhà nước Mỹ đã đốt phòng thí nghiệm của ông và cướp đi thành quả để tạo thành vũ khí. (http://io9.com/5127125/the-greatest-inventions-nikola-tesla-never-created)

Hệ Thống Liên Tín hay Mạng Liến Tín là do nhiều phát minh của nhiều cá nhân tổng hợp lại..chẳng hạn như Vinton Cerf sáng kiến ra nguyên tắc  TCP/IP nền tảng xương sống  của Mạng  Liên Tín ( the Internet's backbone) , và Tim Berners-Lee phát minh ra mạch nối kết hyperlinks.  Nhưng phát kiến đầu tiên là do Leonard Kleinrock' vào năm 1961.  Sau đó từng người phát mình ra những nguyên tắc liên đới và tổng hợp trở thành mạng Liên Tín Toàn cầu như chúng ra đang dùng ngày hôm nay. Phát minh này thật sự KHÔNG THUỘC RIÊNG CÁ NHÂN MỘT NGƯỜI, nhưng chắc chắn KHÔNG PHẢI TỪ QUÂN ĐỘI NHÀ NƯỚC như tuyên truyền miệng của đám người NGHE QUA TAI giữ làm  niềm tin kiến thức mà chẳng bao giờ chất vấn hoài nghi và đi truy cứu tìm hiểu ngọn ngành.

Còn nhiều, và rất nhiều 'KIẾN THỨC" loại "chính qui" từ thông tin nhà nước và bọn phù thủy chữ nghĩa vẫn còn đang lưu hành rộng rãi như trong các lãnh vực nhân văn xã hội như Tổ Quốc, Giống Nòi, Truyền Thống Văn Hóa, Tôn Giáo đang là những CÔNG CỤ  kềm hãm tư duy, phá hủy tự do và NÔ LỆ HÓA CON NGƯỜI.. Riêng chúng ta người dân từng ở xứ Việt Nam, đừng bao giờ quên những kiến thức như "Mắt Bác Hồ có bốn đồng tử; Bác Hồ thần thông quảng đại; Bác Hồ đa năng; Bác Hồ "thủ tiết" hy sinh vì đất nước; Cụ Diệm cũng thủ tiết vì dân tộc; Cụ Diệm thưong dân ... và một bà "quái vật" đẻ ra 100 trứng.. lúc  nở 100 con "giống giòi" "đậu phọng đỏ"  bò lổn ngổn như gà vịt hoặc như rắn  . Và Phật được đẻ ra từ NÁCH MỘT NGƯỜI ĐÀN BÀ, Mẹ Maria đẻ CON nhưng vẫn CÒN TRINH!!!

Người ta vẫn TIN và CỨ TIN là SỰ THẬT!
nkptc

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Gordon Crovitz: Who Really Invented the Internet?

Contrary to legend, it wasn't the federal government, and the Internet had nothing to do with maintaining communications during a war.

• By L. GORDON CROVITZ

A telling moment in the presidential race came recently when Barack Obama said: "If you've got a business, you didn't build that. Somebody else made that happen." He justified elevating bureaucrats over entrepreneurs by referring to bridges and roads, adding: "The Internet didn't get invented on its own. Government research created the Internet so that all companies could make money off the Internet."

It's an urban legend that the government launched the Internet. The myth is that the Pentagon created the Internet to keep its communications lines up even in a nuclear strike. The truth is a more interesting story about how innovation happens—and about how hard it is to build successful technology companies even once the government gets out of the way.

For many technologists, the idea of the Internet traces to Vannevar Bush, the presidential science adviser during World War II who oversaw the development of radar and the Manhattan Project. In a 1946 article in The Atlantic titled "As We May Think," Bush defined an ambitious peacetime goal for technologists: Build what he called a "memex" through which "wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified."

That fired imaginations, and by the 1960s technologists were trying to connect separate physical communications networks into one global network—a "world-wide web." The federal government was involved, modestly, via the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Its goal was not maintaining communications during a nuclear attack, and it didn't build the Internet. Robert Taylor, who ran the ARPA program in the 1960s, sent an email to fellow technologists in 2004 setting the record straight: "The creation of the Arpanet was not motivated by considerations of war. The Arpanet was not an Internet. An Internet is a connection between two or more computer networks."
If the government didn't invent the Internet, who did? Vinton Cerf developed the TCP/IP protocol, the Internet's backbone, and Tim Berners-Lee gets credit for hyperlinks.








Xerox PARC

Xerox PARC headquarters.

But full credit goes to the company where Mr. Taylor worked after leaving ARPA: Xerox. It was at the Xerox PARC labs in Silicon Valley in the 1970s that the Ethernet was developed to link different computer networks. Researchers there also developed the first personal computer (the Xerox Alto) and the graphical user interface that still drives computer usage today.

According to a book about Xerox PARC, "Dealers of Lightning" (by Michael Hiltzik), its top researchers realized they couldn't wait for the government to connect different networks, so would have to do it themselves. "We have a more immediate problem than they do," Robert Metcalfe told his colleague John Shoch in 1973. "We have more networks than they do." Mr. Shoch later recalled that ARPA staffers "were working under government funding and university contracts. They had contract administrators . . . and all that slow, lugubrious behavior to contend with."
So having created the Internet, why didn't Xerox become the biggest company in the world? The answer explains the disconnect between a government-led view of business and how innovation actually happens.
Executives at Xerox headquarters in Rochester, N.Y., were focused on selling copiers. From their standpoint, the Ethernet was important only so that people in an office could link computers to share a copier. Then, in 1979, Steve Jobs negotiated an agreement whereby Xerox's venture-capital division invested $1 million in Apple, with the requirement that Jobs get a full briefing on all the Xerox PARC innovations. "They just had no idea what they had," Jobs later said, after launching hugely profitable Apple computers using concepts developed by Xerox.
Xerox's copier business was lucrative for decades, but the company eventually had years of losses during the digital revolution. Xerox managers can console themselves that it's rare for a company to make the transition from one technology era to another.

As for the government's role, the Internet was fully privatized in 1995, when a remaining piece of the network run by the National Science Foundation was closed—just as the commercial Web began to boom. Blogger Brian Carnell wrote in 1999: "The Internet, in fact, reaffirms the basic free market critique of large government. Here for 30 years the government had an immensely useful protocol for transferring information, TCP/IP, but it languished. . . . In less than a decade, private concerns have taken that protocol and created one of the most important technological revolutions of the millennia."
It's important to understand the history of the Internet because it's too often wrongly cited to justify big government. It's also important to recognize that building great technology businesses requires both innovation and the skills to bring innovations to market. As the contrast between Xerox and Apple shows, few business leaders succeed in this challenge. Those who do—not the government—deserve the credit for making it happen.
(Note: This column has been altered to correct the misattribution of Brian Carnell's quote.)

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Who invented the Internet?

Question

Who invented the Internet?

Answer

A single person did not create the Internet that we know and use today. Below is a listing of several different people who've helped contribute and develop the Internet.

The idea

The initial idea is credited as being Leonard Kleinrock's after he published his first paper entitled "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" on May 31, 1961.

In 1962 J.C.R. Licklider becomes the first Director of IPTO and gave his vision of a galactic network. In addition to the ideas from Licklider and Kleinrock, Robert Taylor helped create the idea of the network, which later became ARPANET.

Initial creation

The Internet as we know it today first started being developed in the late 1960's.

In the summer of 1968, the Network Working Group (NWG) held its first meeting chaired by Elmer Shapiro with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) with attendees: Steve Carr, Steve Crocker, Jeff Rulifson, and Ron Stoughton. In the meeting the group discussed solving issues related to getting hosts to communicate with each other.

In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro with SRI released a report "A Study of Computer Network Design Parameters." Based on this work and earlier work done by Paul Baran, Thomas Marill and others; Lawrence Roberts and Barry Wessler helped to create the final version of the Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) was later awarded the contract to design and build the IMP sub network.

Introduction of the Internet to the general public

UCLA puts out a press release introducing the public to the Internet on July 3, 1969.

First network equipment

August 29, 1969 the first network switch and the first piece of network equipment called "IMP", which is short for (Interface Message Processor) is sent to UCLA.  On September 2, 1969 the first data moves from UCLA host to the switch. In the picture to the right, is a picture of Leonard Kleinrock next to the IMP.

The first distributed message and network crash

On Friday October 29, 1969 at 10:30 p.m., the first Internet message was sent from computer science Professor Leonard KleinRock's laboratory at UCLA, after the second piece of network equipment was installed at SRI. This connection not only enabled the first transmission to be made, but is also considered to be the first Internet backbone.

The first message to be distributed was "LO", which was an attempt at "LOGIN" by Charley S. Kline to log into the SRI computer from UCLA. However, the message was unable to be completed because the SRI system crashed. Shortly after the crash, the issue was resolved and he was able to log into the computer.

E-mail is developed

Ray Tomlinson introduces network e-mail in 1972.  The first messaging system to send messages across a network to other users.

TCP is developed

Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn design TCP during 1973 and later publish it with the help of Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December of 1974 in RFC 675.

First commercial network

A commercial version of ARPANET known as Telenet is introduced in 1974 and considered by many to be the first Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Ethernet is conceived

Bob Metcalfe develops Ethernet idea in 1973.

TCP/IP is created

In 1978 TCP splits into TCP/IP driven by Danny Cohen, David Reed, and John Shoch to support real-time traffic. This allows the creation of UDP. TCP/IP is later standardized into ARPANET in 1983 and is still the primary protocol used for the Internet.

DNS is introduced

Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel introduce DNS in 1984.

HTML

In 1990 Tim Berners-Lee develops HTML, which made a huge contribution to how we navigate and view the Internet today.

WWW

Tim Berners-Lee introduces WWW to the public on August 6, 1991.