Wednesday, July 31, 2013
"Tổ quốc cuối cùng cũng phải nhường bước cho công lý, công tâm và tình người.
Lon Snowden, một quân nhân từng tin tưởng tuyệt đối vào nhà nước tận thiện, hôm qua ngày 31-7-2013, đã phải thú nhận trong cuộc phỏng vấn với BBCvà Guardian rằng ông không tin tưởng nhà nước Mỹ sẽ đối xử với con ông, Edward Snowden, theo đúng tinh thần nguyên lý pháp trị hiến định.
Một cách rõ ràng và thẳng thắn hơn Lon Snowden tuyên bố nếu ông là Edward ông cũng xin ở lại Nga, vì Nga là quốc gia duy nhất còn lại đủ sức bảo vệ Edward dưới sức mạnh áp lực của guồng máy nhà nước Âu Châu và Mỹ:
"Nếu con tôi về Mỹ, nó sẽ bị đối xử tàn tệ. Nó sẽ bị ném vào hố sâu. Nó sẽ bị khóa miệng...Với tư cách là người Bố, tôi đau buồn vì chuyện nó làm... Tôi ước gì nó chỉ đơn giản ngồi ở nhà Hawaii làm việc và lãnh lương cao, sống với bạn gái xinh đẹp và hưởng thụ thiên đàng hạ giới. Nhưng với tư cách là một công dân Mỹ, Tôi tuyêt đối cảm ơn việc nó đã làm:.."("If he comes back to the United States, he is going to be treated horribly. He is going to be thrown into a hole. He is not going to be allowed to speak." "As a father it pains me what he did," "I wish my son could simply have sat in Hawaii and taken the big paycheck, lived with his beautiful girlfriend and enjoyed paradise. But as an American citizen, I am absolutely thankful for what he did.")
Một cách mở mắt hơn, Lon Snowden vỗ thẳng măt nhà nước Mỹ khi cho biết ông được FBI yêu cầu ông đến Nga gặp con ông, và ông nói thẳng ông không để bị dùng làm công cụ tình cảm ngồi ở bãi đậu máy bay cho FBI tấn công áp lực con trai ông (Gượm đã mấy chú nhỏ, tôi sẽ không ngồi ỏ bãi đậu máy may để làm dụng cụ tình cảm cho chúng mày đâu.."-'Wait a minute, folks, I'm not going to sit on the tarmac to be an emotional tool for you.'")
Ông đã ý thức được tính vô luân bất nhân của bọn nhà nước an ninh chỉ muốn lạm dụng đê tiện mọi khía cạnh tình cảm gia đình để hại người. Ông ngỏ ý sẽ chỉ dến Nga với điều kiện là phải được gặp mặt con ông, và KHÔNG ĐỂ BỊ DÙNG LÀM DỤNG CỤ TAY SAI cho Nhà nước Nga hay Mỹ HẠI CON ÔNG...
Điều kiện này chỉ có Putin có khả năng cung ứng thỏa mãn, và luật sư Nga của Snowden đang tiến hành yêu cầu chính đáng này.
Ít nhất cho đến nay, Snowden yên tâm vì biết Bố anh đã hiểu việc anh làm và ủng hộ anh, một sự ủng hộ tinh thần rất quan trọng và rất lớn với Snowden lúc này! (dĩ nhiên là khác hẳn đám thân nhân gia đình "bản sắc văn hóa" Á Châu, Việt Nam v,v là sẽ lăn đùng ra khóc lóc thảm thiết, tự nguyện làm áp lực người nhà mình; hoặc sẽ viết kiến nghị "kêu oan" xin khoan hồng khoan đỏ; mặt khác lo chạy tiền hối lộ móc nối bên trong -và bên ngoài thì lên đài báo luôn bày tỏ "vững tâm tin vào công lý sáng suốt của chính phủ nhà nước ta v.v")
Đây là chỉ dấu tác động tích cực của hành động can đảm và tinh thần công dân công lý đối kháng của Snowden; nó cũng là chỉ dấu tính bất lực của mục tiêu mà bạo lực đe dọa Nhà nước mong đợi.
Và cho đến nay, một sự thật cẩn phải được khẳng định, sau vụ án Manning và trong diễn biến Snowden, là các "chuyên gia pháp lý" đều nằm trong tình trạng đoán mò, không phải vì họ dốt hay thiếu kiến thức pháp luật, mà chính là kiến thức pháp luật cũng như chính nền pháp luật - văn bản hiến pháp KHÔNG CÓ GIÁ TRỊ GÌ với bọn nhà nước. Nhà nước tự diễn giải theo nhu cầu của nó và cái gọi là nền công lý, quốc hội chỉ là tay sai diễn giải biểu đồng tình mà thôi. Glenn Greenwald đã đúc kết sự thật này trong quyền sách của ông rằng luôn có HAI NỀN PHÁP LÝ, "With Liberty and Justice for Some: How the Law Is Used to Destroy Equality and Protect the Powerful" một cái đặc quyền cho bọn cầm quyền nhà nước và một cái khác dùng để cai trị và trừng phạt dân.
Với người tỉnh thức, Tổ quốc cuối cùng cũng phải nhường bước cho công lý , công tâm và tình người.
Một lần nữa Nhân Chủ xin trân trọng cảm tạ việc làm công lý và lòng can đảm hy sinh của Edward Snowden và những cộng sự viên của anh. Xin chúc mừng sự tỉnh thức của Cha Con ông Snowden!
nkptc
Edward Snowden's father says FBI asked him to fly to Moscow
Lon Snowden says his son will be 'treated horribly' if he returns to US and in his place he would stay in Russia
Edward Snowden's father, Lon Snowden, who said he was not going to be an 'emotional tool' for the FBI. Photograph: Peter Kramer/AP
The father of the whistleblower Edward Snowden has said the FBI tried to persuade him to fly to Moscow so that he could encourage his son to return to the United States.
"I said: 'I want to be able to speak with my son … Can you set up communications?' and it was 'Well, we are not sure,'" Lon Snowden told the Washington Post. "I said: 'Wait a minute, folks, I'm not going to sit on the tarmac to be an emotional tool for you.'"
Snowden's father, who is retired from the US Coast Guard, also said he preferred Edward to remain in Russia, where he is stuck in the transit zone of Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport while Russia considers his request for temporary asylum.
"If he comes back to the United States, he is going to be treated horribly. He is going to be thrown into a hole. He is not going to be allowed to speak." The 52-year-old said he had been as "surprised as the rest of America" when his son, who worked for a contractor, was revealed as the source of the leaks about surveillance by the National Security Agency to the Guardian. "As a father it pains me what he did," Snowden said. "I wish my son could simply have sat in Hawaii and taken the big paycheck, lived with his beautiful girlfriend and enjoyed paradise. But as an American citizen, I am absolutely thankful for what he did."
Lon Snowden said that two days after Edward was revealed as the whistleblower, FBI agents had arrived at his home outside Allentown, Pennsylvania. He had spoken to them for four hours and shared emails he had exchanged with his son. Later the FBI asked him to fly to Moscow. FBI officials declined to comment on why negotiations about the idea foundered, the Post said.
As to why Lon Snowden had not flown to Moscow himself, he said: "Sure, I could get on a flight tomorrow to Russia. I'm not sure if I could get access to Edward." He said he had communicated with his son through intermediaries.
In an interview with the state-owned Rossiya 24 TV, the older Snowden, his words translated into Russian, said he had yet to decline the idea of travelling to Moscow at the FBI's request, but would first like to know what the agency wanted him to do. "If [Edward] wants to spend the rest of his life in Russia, I would agree. I am not against it. If I were in his place, I would stay in Russia, and I hope Russia will accept him."
He did not think his son would get a fair trial in the US. "I hope that he will return home and appear in court … But I don't expect that … a court would be fair. We cannot guarantee a fair court." He also thanked Vladimir Putin and his government for the "courage" they had shown in keeping his son safe. Lon Snowden also addressed his son, saying: "Your family is well and we love you. We hope you are healthy, we hope you are well, I hope to see you soon, but most of all I want you to be safe." He added: "I want you to find safe haven. I know the last 55 days have been very difficult."
Anatoly Kuchera, a Russian lawyer helping Edward Snowden, told the programme he thought the asylum request would be granted "in the coming days" and the US had not sent an official request for extradition. "Just saying 'hand him over' is absolutely dishonourable and incorrect," he said.
"I said: 'I want to be able to speak with my son … Can you set up communications?' and it was 'Well, we are not sure,'" Lon Snowden told the Washington Post. "I said: 'Wait a minute, folks, I'm not going to sit on the tarmac to be an emotional tool for you.'"
Snowden's father, who is retired from the US Coast Guard, also said he preferred Edward to remain in Russia, where he is stuck in the transit zone of Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport while Russia considers his request for temporary asylum.
"If he comes back to the United States, he is going to be treated horribly. He is going to be thrown into a hole. He is not going to be allowed to speak." The 52-year-old said he had been as "surprised as the rest of America" when his son, who worked for a contractor, was revealed as the source of the leaks about surveillance by the National Security Agency to the Guardian. "As a father it pains me what he did," Snowden said. "I wish my son could simply have sat in Hawaii and taken the big paycheck, lived with his beautiful girlfriend and enjoyed paradise. But as an American citizen, I am absolutely thankful for what he did."
Lon Snowden said that two days after Edward was revealed as the whistleblower, FBI agents had arrived at his home outside Allentown, Pennsylvania. He had spoken to them for four hours and shared emails he had exchanged with his son. Later the FBI asked him to fly to Moscow. FBI officials declined to comment on why negotiations about the idea foundered, the Post said.
As to why Lon Snowden had not flown to Moscow himself, he said: "Sure, I could get on a flight tomorrow to Russia. I'm not sure if I could get access to Edward." He said he had communicated with his son through intermediaries.
In an interview with the state-owned Rossiya 24 TV, the older Snowden, his words translated into Russian, said he had yet to decline the idea of travelling to Moscow at the FBI's request, but would first like to know what the agency wanted him to do. "If [Edward] wants to spend the rest of his life in Russia, I would agree. I am not against it. If I were in his place, I would stay in Russia, and I hope Russia will accept him."
He did not think his son would get a fair trial in the US. "I hope that he will return home and appear in court … But I don't expect that … a court would be fair. We cannot guarantee a fair court." He also thanked Vladimir Putin and his government for the "courage" they had shown in keeping his son safe. Lon Snowden also addressed his son, saying: "Your family is well and we love you. We hope you are healthy, we hope you are well, I hope to see you soon, but most of all I want you to be safe." He added: "I want you to find safe haven. I know the last 55 days have been very difficult."
Anatoly Kuchera, a Russian lawyer helping Edward Snowden, told the programme he thought the asylum request would be granted "in the coming days" and the US had not sent an official request for extradition. "Just saying 'hand him over' is absolutely dishonourable and incorrect," he said.
G
NSA NGHE LÉN TRỘM CẮP HẦU NHƯ TẤT CẢ!
NSA NGHE LÉN TRỘM CẮP HẦU NHƯ TẤT CẢ!
Bất chấp áp lực đe dọa, đặc biệt là bản án của anh lính Manning, Glenn Greenwald tiếp tục đăng tải tội phạm của NSA nhà nước Mỹ.
NSA với ứng liệu Xkeyscore đã hầu như trộm cắp tất cả những gì mà mọi nguòi làm trên mạng nét!!!
Bằng chứng này vạch trần thêm những giải thích dối trá trơ trẽn trong cái gọi là "điều trần" của Obama và các bộ trưởng nghị sĩ dân biểu liên hệ với NSA trong tháng qua!
Dưới đây là bản tường trình của Glenn Greenwald về chương trình này của NSA. Cần nhớ rằng PRISM của NSA chỉ là một phần rất nhỏ của toàn bộ guồng máy theo dõi trộm cắp không chỉ ở Mỹ mà là TOÀN CẦU!!!
Bất chấp áp lực đe dọa, đặc biệt là bản án của anh lính Manning, Glenn Greenwald tiếp tục đăng tải tội phạm của NSA nhà nước Mỹ.
NSA với ứng liệu Xkeyscore đã hầu như trộm cắp tất cả những gì mà mọi nguòi làm trên mạng nét!!!
Bằng chứng này vạch trần thêm những giải thích dối trá trơ trẽn trong cái gọi là "điều trần" của Obama và các bộ trưởng nghị sĩ dân biểu liên hệ với NSA trong tháng qua!
Dưới đây là bản tường trình của Glenn Greenwald về chương trình này của NSA. Cần nhớ rằng PRISM của NSA chỉ là một phần rất nhỏ của toàn bộ guồng máy theo dõi trộm cắp không chỉ ở Mỹ mà là TOÀN CẦU!!!
One presentation claims the XKeyscore program covers 'nearly everything a typical user does on the internet'
A top secret National Security Agency program allows analysts to search with no prior authorization through vast databases containing emails, online chats and the browsing histories of millions of individuals, according to documents provided by whistleblower Edward Snowden.
The NSA boasts in training materials that the program, called XKeyscore, is its "widest-reaching" system for developing intelligence from the internet.
The latest revelations will add to the intense public and congressional debate around the extent of NSA surveillance programs. They come as senior intelligence officials testify to the Senate judiciary committee on Wednesday, releasing classified documents in response to the Guardian's earlier stories on bulk collection of phone records and Fisa surveillance court oversight.
The files shed light on one of Snowden's most controversial statements, made in his first video interview published by the Guardian on June 10.
"I, sitting at my desk," said Snowden, could "wiretap anyone, from you or your accountant, to a federal judge or even the president, if I had a personal email".
US officials vehemently denied this specific claim. Mike Rogers, the Republican chairman of the House intelligence committee, said of Snowden's assertion: "He's lying. It's impossible for him to do what he was saying he could do."
But training materials for XKeyscore detail how analysts can use it and other systems to mine enormous agency databases by filling in a simple on-screen form giving only a broad justification for the search. The request is not reviewed by a court or any NSA personnel before it is processed.
XKeyscore, the documents boast, is the NSA's "widest reaching" system developing intelligence from computer networks – what the agency calls Digital Network Intelligence (DNI). One presentation claims the program covers "nearly everything a typical user does on the internet", including the content of emails, websites visited and searches, as well as their metadata.
Analysts can also use XKeyscore and other NSA systems to obtain ongoing "real-time" interception of an individual's internet activity.
Under US law, the NSA is required to obtain an individualized Fisa warrant only if the target of their surveillance is a 'US person', though no such warrant is required for intercepting the communications of Americans with foreign targets. But XKeyscore provides the technological capability, if not the legal authority, to target even US persons for extensive electronic surveillance without a warrant provided that some identifying information, such as their email or IP address, is known to the analyst.
One training slide illustrates the digital activity constantly being collected by XKeyscore and the analyst's ability to query the databases at any time.
The purpose of XKeyscore is to allow analysts to search the metadata as well as the content of emails and other internet activity, such as browser history, even when there is no known email account (a "selector" in NSA parlance) associated with the individual being targeted.
Analysts can also search by name, telephone number, IP address, keywords, the language in which the internet activity was conducted or the type of browser used.
One document notes that this is because "strong selection [search by email address] itself gives us only a very limited capability" because "a large amount of time spent on the web is performing actions that are anonymous."
The NSA documents assert that by 2008, 300 terrorists had been captured using intelligence from XKeyscore.
Analysts are warned that searching the full database for content will yield too many results to sift through. Instead they are advised to use the metadata also stored in the databases to narrow down what to review.
A slide entitled "plug-ins" in a December 2012 document describes the various fields of information that can be searched. It includes "every email address seen in a session by both username and domain", "every phone number seen in a session (eg address book entries or signature block)" and user activity – "the webmail and chat activity to include username, buddylist, machine specific cookies etc".
One top-secret document describes how the program "searches within bodies of emails, webpages and documents", including the "To, From, CC, BCC lines" and the 'Contact Us' pages on websites".
To search for emails, an analyst using XKS enters the individual's email address into a simple online search form, along with the "justification" for the search and the time period for which the emails are sought.
The analyst then selects which of those returned emails they want to read by opening them in NSA reading software.
The system is similar to the way in which NSA analysts generally can intercept the communications of anyone they select, including, as one NSA document put it, "communications that transit the United States and communications that terminate in the United States".
One document, a top secret 2010 guide describing the training received by NSA analysts for general surveillance under the Fisa Amendments Act of 2008, explains that analysts can begin surveillance on anyone by clicking a few simple pull-down menus designed to provide both legal and targeting justifications. Once options on the pull-down menus are selected, their target is marked for electronic surveillance and the analyst is able to review the content of their communications:
An NSA tool called DNI Presenter, used to read the content of stored emails, also enables an analyst using XKeyscore to read the content of Facebook chats or private messages.
An analyst can monitor such Facebook chats by entering the Facebook user name and a date range into a simple search screen.
Analysts can search for internet browsing activities using a wide range of information, including search terms entered by the user or the websites viewed.
As one slide indicates, the ability to search HTTP activity by keyword permits the analyst access to what the NSA calls "nearly everything a typical user does on the internet".
The XKeyscore program also allows an analyst to learn the IP addresses of every person who visits any website the analyst specifies.
The quantity of communications accessible through programs such as XKeyscore is staggeringly large. One NSA report from 2007 estimated that there were 850bn "call events" collected and stored in the NSA databases, and close to 150bn internet records. Each day, the document says, 1-2bn records were added.
William Binney, a former NSA mathematician, said last year that the agency had "assembled on the order of 20tn transactions about US citizens with other US citizens", an estimate, he said, that "only was involving phone calls and emails". A 2010 Washington Post article reported that "every day, collection systems at the [NSA] intercept and store 1.7bn emails, phone calls and other type of communications."
The XKeyscore system is continuously collecting so much internet data that it can be stored only for short periods of time. Content remains on the system for only three to five days, while metadata is stored for 30 days. One document explains: "At some sites, the amount of data we receive per day (20+ terabytes) can only be stored for as little as 24 hours."
To solve this problem, the NSA has created a multi-tiered system that allows analysts to store "interesting" content in other databases, such as one named Pinwale which can store material for up to five years.
It is the databases of XKeyscore, one document shows, that now contain the greatest amount of communications data collected by the NSA.
In 2012, there were at least 41 billion total records collected and stored in XKeyscore for a single 30-day period.
Legal v technical restrictions
While the Fisa Amendments Act of 2008 requires an individualized warrant for the targeting of US persons, NSA analysts are permitted to intercept the communications of such individuals without a warrant if they are in contact with one of the NSA's foreign targets.
The ACLU's deputy legal director, Jameel Jaffer, told the Guardian last month that national security officials expressly said that a primary purpose of the new law was to enable them to collect large amounts of Americans' communications without individualized warrants.
"The government doesn't need to 'target' Americans in order to collect huge volumes of their communications," said Jaffer. "The government inevitably sweeps up the communications of many Americans" when targeting foreign nationals for surveillance.
An example is provided by one XKeyscore document showing an NSA target in Tehran communicating with people in Frankfurt, Amsterdam and New York.
In recent years, the NSA has attempted to segregate exclusively domestic US communications in separate databases. But even NSA documents acknowledge that such efforts are imperfect, as even purely domestic communications can travel on foreign systems, and NSA tools are sometimes unable to identify the national origins of communications.
Moreover, all communications between Americans and someone on foreign soil are included in the same databases as foreign-to-foreign communications, making them readily searchable without warrants.
Some searches conducted by NSA analysts are periodically reviewed by their supervisors within the NSA. "It's very rare to be questioned on our searches," Snowden told the Guardian in June, "and even when we are, it's usually along the lines of: 'let's bulk up the justification'."
In a letter this week to senator Ron Wyden, director of national intelligence James Clapper acknowledged that NSA analysts have exceeded even legal limits as interpreted by the NSA in domestic surveillance.
Acknowledging what he called "a number of compliance problems", Clapper attributed them to "human error" or "highly sophisticated technology issues" rather than "bad faith".
However, Wyden said on the Senate floor on Tuesday: "These violations are more serious than those stated by the intelligence community, and are troubling."
In a statement to the Guardian, the NSA said: "NSA's activities are focused and specifically deployed against – and only against – legitimate foreign intelligence targets in response to requirements that our leaders need for information necessary to protect our nation and its interests.
"XKeyscore is used as a part of NSA's lawful foreign signals intelligence collection system.
"Allegations of widespread, unchecked analyst access to NSA collection data are simply not true. Access to XKeyscore, as well as all of NSA's analytic tools, is limited to only those personnel who require access for their assigned tasks … In addition, there are multiple technical, manual and supervisory checks and balances within the system to prevent deliberate misuse from occurring."
"Every search by an NSA analyst is fully auditable, to ensure that they are proper and within the law.
"These types of programs allow us to collect the information that enables us to perform our missions successfully – to defend the nation and to protect US and allied troops abroad."
The NSA boasts in training materials that the program, called XKeyscore, is its "widest-reaching" system for developing intelligence from the internet.
The latest revelations will add to the intense public and congressional debate around the extent of NSA surveillance programs. They come as senior intelligence officials testify to the Senate judiciary committee on Wednesday, releasing classified documents in response to the Guardian's earlier stories on bulk collection of phone records and Fisa surveillance court oversight.
The files shed light on one of Snowden's most controversial statements, made in his first video interview published by the Guardian on June 10.
"I, sitting at my desk," said Snowden, could "wiretap anyone, from you or your accountant, to a federal judge or even the president, if I had a personal email".
US officials vehemently denied this specific claim. Mike Rogers, the Republican chairman of the House intelligence committee, said of Snowden's assertion: "He's lying. It's impossible for him to do what he was saying he could do."
But training materials for XKeyscore detail how analysts can use it and other systems to mine enormous agency databases by filling in a simple on-screen form giving only a broad justification for the search. The request is not reviewed by a court or any NSA personnel before it is processed.
XKeyscore, the documents boast, is the NSA's "widest reaching" system developing intelligence from computer networks – what the agency calls Digital Network Intelligence (DNI). One presentation claims the program covers "nearly everything a typical user does on the internet", including the content of emails, websites visited and searches, as well as their metadata.
Analysts can also use XKeyscore and other NSA systems to obtain ongoing "real-time" interception of an individual's internet activity.
Under US law, the NSA is required to obtain an individualized Fisa warrant only if the target of their surveillance is a 'US person', though no such warrant is required for intercepting the communications of Americans with foreign targets. But XKeyscore provides the technological capability, if not the legal authority, to target even US persons for extensive electronic surveillance without a warrant provided that some identifying information, such as their email or IP address, is known to the analyst.
One training slide illustrates the digital activity constantly being collected by XKeyscore and the analyst's ability to query the databases at any time.
The purpose of XKeyscore is to allow analysts to search the metadata as well as the content of emails and other internet activity, such as browser history, even when there is no known email account (a "selector" in NSA parlance) associated with the individual being targeted.
Analysts can also search by name, telephone number, IP address, keywords, the language in which the internet activity was conducted or the type of browser used.
One document notes that this is because "strong selection [search by email address] itself gives us only a very limited capability" because "a large amount of time spent on the web is performing actions that are anonymous."
The NSA documents assert that by 2008, 300 terrorists had been captured using intelligence from XKeyscore.
Analysts are warned that searching the full database for content will yield too many results to sift through. Instead they are advised to use the metadata also stored in the databases to narrow down what to review.
A slide entitled "plug-ins" in a December 2012 document describes the various fields of information that can be searched. It includes "every email address seen in a session by both username and domain", "every phone number seen in a session (eg address book entries or signature block)" and user activity – "the webmail and chat activity to include username, buddylist, machine specific cookies etc".
Email monitoring
In a second Guardian interview in June, Snowden elaborated on his statement about being able to read any individual's email if he had their email address. He said the claim was based in part on the email search capabilities of XKeyscore, which Snowden says he was authorized to use while working as a Booz Allen contractor for the NSA.One top-secret document describes how the program "searches within bodies of emails, webpages and documents", including the "To, From, CC, BCC lines" and the 'Contact Us' pages on websites".
To search for emails, an analyst using XKS enters the individual's email address into a simple online search form, along with the "justification" for the search and the time period for which the emails are sought.
The analyst then selects which of those returned emails they want to read by opening them in NSA reading software.
The system is similar to the way in which NSA analysts generally can intercept the communications of anyone they select, including, as one NSA document put it, "communications that transit the United States and communications that terminate in the United States".
One document, a top secret 2010 guide describing the training received by NSA analysts for general surveillance under the Fisa Amendments Act of 2008, explains that analysts can begin surveillance on anyone by clicking a few simple pull-down menus designed to provide both legal and targeting justifications. Once options on the pull-down menus are selected, their target is marked for electronic surveillance and the analyst is able to review the content of their communications:
Chats, browsing history and other internet activity
Beyond emails, the XKeyscore system allows analysts to monitor a virtually unlimited array of other internet activities, including those within social media.An NSA tool called DNI Presenter, used to read the content of stored emails, also enables an analyst using XKeyscore to read the content of Facebook chats or private messages.
An analyst can monitor such Facebook chats by entering the Facebook user name and a date range into a simple search screen.
Analysts can search for internet browsing activities using a wide range of information, including search terms entered by the user or the websites viewed.
As one slide indicates, the ability to search HTTP activity by keyword permits the analyst access to what the NSA calls "nearly everything a typical user does on the internet".
The XKeyscore program also allows an analyst to learn the IP addresses of every person who visits any website the analyst specifies.
The quantity of communications accessible through programs such as XKeyscore is staggeringly large. One NSA report from 2007 estimated that there were 850bn "call events" collected and stored in the NSA databases, and close to 150bn internet records. Each day, the document says, 1-2bn records were added.
William Binney, a former NSA mathematician, said last year that the agency had "assembled on the order of 20tn transactions about US citizens with other US citizens", an estimate, he said, that "only was involving phone calls and emails". A 2010 Washington Post article reported that "every day, collection systems at the [NSA] intercept and store 1.7bn emails, phone calls and other type of communications."
The XKeyscore system is continuously collecting so much internet data that it can be stored only for short periods of time. Content remains on the system for only three to five days, while metadata is stored for 30 days. One document explains: "At some sites, the amount of data we receive per day (20+ terabytes) can only be stored for as little as 24 hours."
To solve this problem, the NSA has created a multi-tiered system that allows analysts to store "interesting" content in other databases, such as one named Pinwale which can store material for up to five years.
It is the databases of XKeyscore, one document shows, that now contain the greatest amount of communications data collected by the NSA.
In 2012, there were at least 41 billion total records collected and stored in XKeyscore for a single 30-day period.
Legal v technical restrictions
While the Fisa Amendments Act of 2008 requires an individualized warrant for the targeting of US persons, NSA analysts are permitted to intercept the communications of such individuals without a warrant if they are in contact with one of the NSA's foreign targets.
The ACLU's deputy legal director, Jameel Jaffer, told the Guardian last month that national security officials expressly said that a primary purpose of the new law was to enable them to collect large amounts of Americans' communications without individualized warrants.
"The government doesn't need to 'target' Americans in order to collect huge volumes of their communications," said Jaffer. "The government inevitably sweeps up the communications of many Americans" when targeting foreign nationals for surveillance.
An example is provided by one XKeyscore document showing an NSA target in Tehran communicating with people in Frankfurt, Amsterdam and New York.
In recent years, the NSA has attempted to segregate exclusively domestic US communications in separate databases. But even NSA documents acknowledge that such efforts are imperfect, as even purely domestic communications can travel on foreign systems, and NSA tools are sometimes unable to identify the national origins of communications.
Moreover, all communications between Americans and someone on foreign soil are included in the same databases as foreign-to-foreign communications, making them readily searchable without warrants.
Some searches conducted by NSA analysts are periodically reviewed by their supervisors within the NSA. "It's very rare to be questioned on our searches," Snowden told the Guardian in June, "and even when we are, it's usually along the lines of: 'let's bulk up the justification'."
In a letter this week to senator Ron Wyden, director of national intelligence James Clapper acknowledged that NSA analysts have exceeded even legal limits as interpreted by the NSA in domestic surveillance.
Acknowledging what he called "a number of compliance problems", Clapper attributed them to "human error" or "highly sophisticated technology issues" rather than "bad faith".
However, Wyden said on the Senate floor on Tuesday: "These violations are more serious than those stated by the intelligence community, and are troubling."
In a statement to the Guardian, the NSA said: "NSA's activities are focused and specifically deployed against – and only against – legitimate foreign intelligence targets in response to requirements that our leaders need for information necessary to protect our nation and its interests.
"XKeyscore is used as a part of NSA's lawful foreign signals intelligence collection system.
"Allegations of widespread, unchecked analyst access to NSA collection data are simply not true. Access to XKeyscore, as well as all of NSA's analytic tools, is limited to only those personnel who require access for their assigned tasks … In addition, there are multiple technical, manual and supervisory checks and balances within the system to prevent deliberate misuse from occurring."
"Every search by an NSA analyst is fully auditable, to ensure that they are proper and within the law.
"These types of programs allow us to collect the information that enables us to perform our missions successfully – to defend the nation and to protect US and allied troops abroad."
Tòa án Đại Thử hay Chuột Túi (Kangaroo Court) với những lời chứng và nhân chứng "bí mật"!
Bradley Manning bị kết tội qua một tòa án Đại Thử hay Chuột Túi (Kangaroo Court) với những lời chứng và nhân chứng "bí mật" (testify in secret.) !
Với khoảng 20 tội danh, và tội danh lớn nhất "phản quốc giúp địch" đã buộc phải bị gạt bỏ!!! Nhưng với 20 tội danh cũng đủ tù hơn 100 năm!
Hơn 100 năm tù vì thi hành bổn phận công dân tố cáo tội phạm và tội ác!
Hơn 100 năm tù vì hành xử theo lương tâm và công lý, ở một đất nước đuộc mệnh danh là "lãnh đạo của thế giới tự do dân chủ và nhân quyền"
Tôn giáo thần quyền đã và đang nhân danh "chớ giết người, thượng đế bao dung lòng lành vô cùng" để nô lệ giết nhau và triệt hạ nhân phẩm trí tuệ của con người! Nhà nước đã và đang nhân danh bảo vệ tự do dân quyền pháp trị của nhân dân để đàn áp chà đạp quyền tự do con người của nhân dân! Tiến hành chiến tranh chiếm đóng liên tục vì "bảo vệ dân chủ và nhân quyền" khắp nơi!
Hàng trăm triệu nhân mạng vô tội đã bị tàn sát với bao cùng cực đau khổ mất mát của những người còn sống hôm nay vì một đám thiểu số nhân danh ảo thể "Thượng Đế" và "Quốc Gia"!
nkptc
Tuesday, Jul 30, 2013 5:31 PM UTC
Army Pfc. Bradley Manning (Credit: AP/Patrick Semansky)
Với khoảng 20 tội danh, và tội danh lớn nhất "phản quốc giúp địch" đã buộc phải bị gạt bỏ!!! Nhưng với 20 tội danh cũng đủ tù hơn 100 năm!
Hơn 100 năm tù vì thi hành bổn phận công dân tố cáo tội phạm và tội ác!
Hơn 100 năm tù vì hành xử theo lương tâm và công lý, ở một đất nước đuộc mệnh danh là "lãnh đạo của thế giới tự do dân chủ và nhân quyền"
Tôn giáo thần quyền đã và đang nhân danh "chớ giết người, thượng đế bao dung lòng lành vô cùng" để nô lệ giết nhau và triệt hạ nhân phẩm trí tuệ của con người! Nhà nước đã và đang nhân danh bảo vệ tự do dân quyền pháp trị của nhân dân để đàn áp chà đạp quyền tự do con người của nhân dân! Tiến hành chiến tranh chiếm đóng liên tục vì "bảo vệ dân chủ và nhân quyền" khắp nơi!
Hàng trăm triệu nhân mạng vô tội đã bị tàn sát với bao cùng cực đau khổ mất mát của những người còn sống hôm nay vì một đám thiểu số nhân danh ảo thể "Thượng Đế" và "Quốc Gia"!
nkptc
Tuesday, Jul 30, 2013 5:31 PM UTC
Manning verdict: What you need to know
Today's verdicts may be about Bradley Manning -- but here's why they also have huge consequences for the rest of us
Army Pfc. Bradley Manning (Credit: AP/Patrick Semansky)“I believed that if the general public, especially the American public, had access to the information contained within [the military’s own databases], it could spark a domestic debate on the role of the military and our foreign policy in general as it related to Iraq and Afghanistan.” That is — according to a statement Bradley Manning made before to the judge in his court martial, Colonel Denise Lind, on February 28 — what first led Manning to begin to leak large volumes of information to WikiLeaks: a desire to make Americans aware of the potential blowback of our counterinsurgency and counterterrorism policies.
Today, Lind found Manning guilty of 20 charges for that effort to inform the American people of the policies pursued in their name. But, in a hugely significant development, she also ruled that he was not guilty of the charge of aiding the enemy. The verdict was revealed with silence and a delay, as the Army imposed new reporting rules on the press, citing earlier “shenanigans.”
That Lind found Manning guilty of 20 charges is not a surprise. Manning himself had pled guilty to 10 lesser offenses the day he read his statement, pleading to “unauthorized possession” and “willful communication” of most, but not all of the items he was accused of leaking. On several of the charges — notably, Manning’s leak of a video of Americans shooting a Reuters journalist — Lind accepted Manning’s lesser pleas.
Moreover, Lind had refused to throw out charges — including the aiding the enemy charge — that Manning’s defense argued the government had not substantiated. Lind had also changed the wording of three charges against Manning after the end of the trial, adjusting them to the evidence the government had actually submitted at trial.
Marcy Wheeler writes at EmptyWheel.net and is the author of "Anatomy of Deceit."
Today, Lind found Manning guilty of 20 charges for that effort to inform the American people of the policies pursued in their name. But, in a hugely significant development, she also ruled that he was not guilty of the charge of aiding the enemy. The verdict was revealed with silence and a delay, as the Army imposed new reporting rules on the press, citing earlier “shenanigans.”
That Lind found Manning guilty of 20 charges is not a surprise. Manning himself had pled guilty to 10 lesser offenses the day he read his statement, pleading to “unauthorized possession” and “willful communication” of most, but not all of the items he was accused of leaking. On several of the charges — notably, Manning’s leak of a video of Americans shooting a Reuters journalist — Lind accepted Manning’s lesser pleas.
Moreover, Lind had refused to throw out charges — including the aiding the enemy charge — that Manning’s defense argued the government had not substantiated. Lind had also changed the wording of three charges against Manning after the end of the trial, adjusting them to the evidence the government had actually submitted at trial.
Cuối Cùng Một Tín Đồ Tôn Giáo Nhà Nuớc Quốc Gia cũng Buông Tay!
Cuối Cùng Một Tín Đồ Tôn Giáo Nhà Nuớc Quốc Gia cũng Buông Tay!
Ông Lon Snowden đã lên truyền thanh trả lời báo chí rằng ông ngỏ lời cảm tạ Putin, tổng thống Nga đã can đảm đứng ra bảo bọc cho con ông được an toàn và cứ trú tử tế.
Luật sự của Snowden tại Nga, ông Anatoly Kucherena, một luật sư "quyền thế" nổi tiếng tại Nga đã tuyên bố đang lo liệu thu xếp để gửi thư mời ông Lon đến Nga để gặp Edward Snowden.
Putin và nhà nước Nga đang bị sức ủng hộ của quần chúng dành cho Snowden buộc phải đóng màn kịch dùng chiêu Cô Tô Mộ Dung "gậy ông đập lưng ông" nhân-quyền- pháp -trị mà Âu Mỹ từng tận dụng đề tấn công Nga, Hoa và các quốc gia khá. Dù là bị áp lực chứ chẳng thật tâm gì, nhưng phải sòng phẳng với Putin mà nói: Putin ra đòn "tôn trọng công pháp quốc tế" đã đẹp, mà đòn "tôn trọng nhân quyền pháp trị của nước Nga" dành cho Snowden, luật sư đoàn và các đại biểu "Nhân Quyền quốc tế" họp báo cùng Snowden lại thật đẹp!!!
Putin diễn lại vở tuồng "nhân quyền pháp trị" mà Âu Mỹ đã từng diễn thật nhuần nhuyễn như những kịch-sư bậc thầy trong hơn nửa thế kỷ qua, khiến Âu Mỹ cứng họng và bị buộc phải thủ vai "kẻ xấu": Bộ Trưởng "Công Lý" buộc phải diễn một vai thấp kém viết thư "hứa không tra tấn và tử hình Snowden" với hàm ý rằng Nga không có lý cớ phải theo "công pháp" (Non-refoulement) và hãy trao trả dẫn độ Snowden. Thế nhưng lời hứa của Eric Holder chỉ làm trò cười vì luật sư và các cố vấn pháp lý của Snowden có đầy đủ chứng cớ để buộc Putin không chấp nhận lời hứa vô giá trị đó:
1- Nước Mỹ đầy các loại án tử hình và phương cách tử hình
2- Nước Mỹ đã và đang cho tra tấn hợp pháp, điển hình là trại tù Watanamo và sự vụ Bradley Manning
3- Lời nói của lãnh đạo Mỹ không có uy tín trung thực; bằng chứng "vũ khí toàn diệt Iraq; và chính vụ NSA của Mỹ vi phạm đủ các lời hứa với nhân dân Mỹ, với nền Luật Pháp Hiến Pháp Mỹ là điển hình.
Putin cũng chỉ chờ có "kháng thư" như thế là thảnh thơi đánh tiếp chiêu Cô Tô Mộ Dung "nhân quyền pháp trị" của Âu Mỹ vào mặt Âu Mỹ mà chẳng cần tí nội lực thượng thừa nào cả!!! Putin phải để dành nội lực để chịu tấn khi chính nước Nga của Putin sẽ có một Vladimir Snowden xuất hiện!!! Và chắc chắn sẽ có!!!
Nói chung, tất cả các thằng nhà nước đều phập phồng chờ kết quả vụ Snowden, vì chúng biết chúng là kẻ thù của ai khi Snowden trở thành biều tượng của Công Chính và Nhân Bản!
Tất cả bọn nhà nước đều đang trong tuu thế phập phồng lo sợ. Vì sớm hay muộn chúng nó sẽ phải đối diện với NHỮNG SNOWDEN, MANNING cùa chính xã hội chúng nó!
Thế mới biết, luật pháp của bọn nhà nước nó xoay như chong chóng lưỡi dao lúc nào cũng chỉa vào dân chúng!
Ngẫm xa, nhìn rộng mới thấy việc làm của Snowden đã tác dụng tích cực cho toàn thể nhân loại này từ mặt cụ thể đối chứng, đến những tác động cảnh cáo thế lực nhà nước khắp nơi. Đặc biệt là nó đã mở ra cho nhân loại này thêm một cánh cửa để nhìn ra và bước ra ngoài khỏi cái "giáo hội nhà nước ta" mà nhìn lại giá trị tự thân của chính mình: chủ quyền cá nhân của mỗi con người không thể giao khoán cho bất kỳ một loại giáo hội tôn giáo hay nhà nước nào trách nhiệm an toàn được! Phải tỉnh thức và thường trực đối kháng miên tục và miên viễn!
nkptc
July 31, 2013
This is the print preview: Back to normal view » 
Lon Snowden, Edward Snowden's Father, Says He's Thankful To Putin For Protection
07/31/13 05:03 AM ET EDT 
Edward Snowden (AP)
Speaking on state Rossiya 24 television in remarks broadcast Wednesday, Lon Snowden of Allentown, Pennsylvania, thanked President Vladimir Putin and his government for the "courage" they have shown in keeping his son safe.
Addressing his son, Lon Snowden said that "your family is well and we love you." He added that "I hope to see you soon, but most of all I want you to be safe."
The younger Snowden has been stuck in the transit zone of Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport since arriving from Hong Kong on June 23. Russia is considering his request for temporary asylum.
Snowden's lawyer Anatoly Kucherena told the Vesti-FM radio station on Wednesday that he is arranging for Snowden's father to visit Russia. Kucherena said that he would send Lon Snowden a letter of invitation to Russia later on Wednesday.
Kucherena said that Snowden asked him to get in touch with his father because "he needs moral support."
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